INTRODUCTION:

To achieve the desired therapeutic outcome, a pharmaceutical molecule is delivered to its target site using a variety of tactics, formulations, production methods, storage systems, and technologies¹. Drug delivery technologies are those that deliver drugs to or through the body.

The delivery mechanism, such as an injection or tablet for a vaccination, is one of these technologies. Considerable progress has been made in applying the principles of drug formulation, method of administration, site-specific targeting, metabolism, and toxicity; further progress is expected in the years to come. Drug delivery uses a variety of excipients, drug carriers, and medical devices to try and change the pharmacokinetics and specificity of a medicine².

To deliver a medicine to a particular area of the body, various formulations, strategies, technologies, and systems are employed. The dosage and route of administration of a medicine are perfectly interwoven with the idea of drug delivery³. The technology requires a thorough understanding of the physiological obstacles to effective drug delivery, such as the movement of drugs through cells and tissues and the transport of drugs through the circulatory system and metabolism. The proper administration of medications is dependent on a number of factors, and the study of the drug delivery system is multidisciplinary⁴.

Various medication delivery methods:

1. Dispersible oral medication delivery method

2. Method for delivering gastro retentive drugs

3. Mucoadhesive drug delivery system

4. Drug delivery method via nano suspension

5. The Aqua some medication delivery device

6. Phytosomes: A medication delivery method

7. Buccal medication administration system

8. Lipid based system drug delivery system

9. Emulgel

10. Nanogel

11. Transferosomes

12. Nanostructured lipid carriers

Dispersible oral medication delivery method:

Oral administration is the most common and advised way to take pharmaceuticals, regardless of whether they are in liquid or solid dosage forms. The use of solid dose forms is recommended due to their ease of administration, accuracy in dosage, capacity for self-medication, ability to lessen discomfort, and most significantly, ability to guarantee patient compliance. Tablets and capsules are the two solid dosage forms that are most commonly utilized. However, many people find it difficult to swallow tablets and capsules made of hard gelatin. The medical word for this difficulty swallowing is dysphasia⁵. It has been noted that patients of all patient demographics—particularly elderly and pediatric patients—experience this problem. Because of this, the standard dose forms have a high rate of noncompliance and inefficient swallowing therapy, particularly when it comes to children, the elderly, and individuals with mental retardation. Other names for oral disintegrating pills include mouth-dissolving, fast-dissolving, rapid-dissolving, and orally disintegrating tablets. The European Pharmacopoeia has begun to use the phrase "or dispersibletablets."Oro dispersible tablets can be prepared using a variety of techniques, including moulding, compaction, spray-drying, and freeze-drying.

GASTRO RETENTIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS:

The medication is delivered to the site of action in a controlled manner via gastro retentive dosage forms. These mechanisms enhance the bioavailability of drugs that are metabolized in the upper gastrointestinal tract. By prolonging the duration of stomach residency, gastro retentive medication delivery aims to target site-specific drug release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for local or systemic effects. Because they can remain in the stomach area for lengthy periods of time, medications with gastro retentive dosage forms have significantly longer gastric retention times (GRT)⁶. Systems for regulated drug delivery that are gastro-retentive are effective ways to increase the bioavailability of many medications. The idea of GRDDS is to extend the gastric retention period. By utilizing the cutting-edge GRDDS approach, medications that need regulated delivery and increased bioavailability can be created. There are two types of GRDDS: non-floating systems and floating systems. Effervescent and non-effervescent floating systems are further classified based on the floating approach, while non-floating systems are further classified into four groups according on the mechanism used for gastro retention⁷.

GRDDS benefits include:

· Enhanced bioavailability

· It lowers the dose and the frequency of dosing.

· This method reduces drug concentration fluctuations in the blood and aids in drug targeting.

· In GIT, local action is possible. as in antacids

· This system minimizes the adverse effects⁸.

· It is feasible to establish sustained release.

· It is economical, the safest method of administration, and it works with a variety of medications.

Application of GRDDS:

1. GRDDS extends the period of time that medications are present in the stomach, enabling a regulated and prolonged release of the medicine. This can improve the absorption of medications that have a limited solubility or that need particular circumstances to be met in order to be taken fully.

2. Increased Therapeutic Efficacy: GRDDS's regulated release helps the body sustain therapeutic medication levels for a longer amount of time. This may result in more stable pharmacological effects, less changes in drug concentration, and an increase in the effectiveness of treatment as a whole.

3. Decreased Variability in Plasma Drug Levels: GRDDS reduce drug concentration variations, resulting in a more steady and predictable release profile. This is especially helpful for medications with a limited therapeutic window, since safety and efficacy depend on stable plasma levels.

4. Patient Compliance: Less frequent dosage is frequently possible due to GRDDS's extended release, which enhances patient convenience and compliance. Better adherence to treatment regimens may result from fewer doses administered.

5. Treatment of Gastrointestinal Conditions: GRDDS are especially helpful for medications that address gastrointestinal tract disorders such inflammatory bowel illnesses or peptic ulcers. These systems improve the therapeutic efficacy of such medications by guaranteeing extended contact with the afflicted area.

MUCOADHESIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS:

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems, which rely on the bioadhesion of certain polymers that become adhesive upon hydration, allow drugs to be targeted to a specific location of the body for durations of time. Bioadhesion is the phenomena when two materials, at least one of which is biological, are kept together by interfacial forces. As in the case of a polymer sticking to a biological membrane, the bonding could take place between an artificial material and a biological substrate. The adherence of a polymer to the mucin layer of a mucosal tissue is referred to as "mucoadhesion" ^[9].Mucoadhesive drugs can be administered by a variety of routes, including buccal, oral, vaginal, rectal, nasal, and ophthalmic. The theories of adsorption, diffusion, and wetting are included in mucoadhesion. Digital and break.

ORAL MUCOADHESIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS:

Advantages:

· Excellent accessibility and rapid start-up

· Boosts bioavailability by prolonging the dosage form's residence time at the absorption site.

· Rapid absorption as a result of a plentiful blood supply and normal blood flow rates

· Drugs are guarded against deterioration in the git's acidic environment.

· Increased patient adherence.

Application of Mucoadhesive DDS:

1. Localized Drug Delivery: By avoiding the gastrointestinal system and first-pass metabolism, medications can be administered straight to the site of action thanks to mucoadhesive formulations. This is especially helpful for medications that are not well absorbed or broken down in the gastrointestinal tract.

2. Extended medication Release: Mucoadhesive formulations can offer sustained medication release for a longer amount of time by sticking to mucosal surfaces. This can decrease the frequency of dose, which will increase patient compliance.

3. Increased Bioavailability: Because the hepatic first-pass impact is avoided, drugs administered by mucosal routes can have a higher bioavailability than those administered orally. For medications with a low oral bioavailability, this is advantageous.

4. Enhanced Therapeutic Effect: Medicines can have a greater therapeutic impact if they are targeted to mucosal tissues. For instance, because of the mucosa's permeability and abundant blood supply, medications administered through the oral mucosa might take effect fast.

5. Decreased Systemic Side Effects: By limiting the amount of medication that is exposed to the system, localized distribution can lower the chance of systemic side effects.

NANO SUSPENSION DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM:

A nanosuspension is a submicron colloidal dispersion of medication particles stabilized by surfactants that can be given orally, topically, parenterally, or intravenously¹⁰. With an average particle size of between 200 and 600 nm, the solid particles in nanosuspensions usually have a particle size distribution of less than one micron ¹¹. While nanoparticles are typically polymeric colloidal drug carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles are lipidic drug carriers. The medicine is maintained in the required crystalline state with smaller particles when using nanosuspension technology, which speeds up its dissolution and enhances its bioavailability ¹².The preparation of nanosuspension can be achieved through various methods such as precipitation method, micro emulsion template, media milling (nanocrystals), high pressure homogenization, combination of precipitation and HPH (Nano edge), high pressure homogenization in aqueous media (Disso cubes), high pressure homogenization in non-aqueous media (Nanopure), nanojet technology, supercritical fluid method, and solvent evaporation method.

Applications:

Nanosuspensions can be used to increase the solubility of drugs that are poorly soluble in lipid or aqueous environments. For example, when the nanosuspension is given intravenously (IV) or orally, the maximum plasma level is attained sooner and the active component floods at a faster pace. One of its standout benefits over alternative techniques for increasing solubility is this.

· It helps with chemicals that are poorly soluble, permeabilous, or both, which poses a significant challenge for formulators.

· The smaller particle size allows for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs intravenously without obstructing blood capillaries; this is particularly useful for treatments that are poorly soluble in water.

· The IV mode of delivery allows for rapid breakdown and tissue targeting.

· Nanosuspensions with oral administration offer quick and increased bioavailability.

· Physical stability over the long term brought on by stabilizers

AQUASOME DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS:

Aquasomes are self-assembling, three-layered carriers of nanoparticulates. They consist of an oligomeric film covering a solid phase nano-crystalline core, onto which biochemically active molecules are adsorbed, either modified or not ^[13]. Consequently, Nir Kossovsky's 1995 invention of "aquasomes"—carbohydrate-stabilized core nanoparticles—was possible. Because of the way that aquasomes nourish and preserve fragile biological components like proteins and polypeptides, they are also referred to as "Bodies of Water”. Aquasomes consist of three layers: a carbohydrate coating, a solid crystalline core, and the active component, which is constituted by non-covalent bonding. The spherical, 60–300 nm-diameter particles are called aquasomes. The primary building blocks utilized to create aquasomes are tin oxide, brushite (calcium phosphate dehydrate), and nanocrystalline carbon ceramics (diamonds). Aquasomes can be used to administer medications that have problems with transportation, instability both chemically and physically, low bioavailability, and significant side effects.

Properties:

· The preservation of bio-active conformation integrity and biochemical stability is achieved by aquasomes in water.

· Aquasomes, whose size and structure stability prevent them from being cleared by the reticuloendothelial system or deteriorating in response to specific environmental stresses

· Ionic, non-covalent bonding, van der Waals, and entropic forces efficiently load aquasomes with vast amounts of agents because of their massive size and active surface area.

Advantages of aquasomes:

· Aquasomes maintain the metabolic stability and structural integrity of medication particles.

· Aquasomes have colloidal characteristics.

· The aquasomes suspension has a high likelihood of building up in the muscle and liver and contains biodegradable nanoparticles in the colloidal range.

· Because of their characteristics that resemble water, aquasomes provide a medium for maintaining the structural integrity and biochemical stability of bioactive.

· Aquasomes-based vaccines offer a number of benefits as a vaccine delivery mechanism.

· Antigens adsorbed on aquasomal surfaces can cause immunological reactions in both cellular and humeral tissues.

Applications of aquasome:

· In order to evoke the appropriate vaccination treatment antibodies, Epstein-Barr and immune deficiency virus aquasomes used as vaccines for the delivery of viral antigen must be activated.

· For targeted intracellular gene therapy that is active.

· Aquasomes were developed to transport medications, including insulin.

· Aquasomes are used to transfer colors and enzymes like DNAase.

PHYTOSOMES: A MEDICATION DELIVERY METHOD:

A phytosome is a nanoparticles delivery system designed to transfer polar or nonpolar natural substances. It is made of monolayer or double-layer phospholipids that form vesicles. This system's phospholipid content has the ability to mediate the increase in solubility caused by hydrogen-bonding interactions between water molecules and phosphate groups in a double-layer phytosome carrier, as well as the improvement in permeability of the active compounds caused by phospholipid deformation of cell membranes in conjunction with phytosome carrier¹⁴. In order to increase the efficiency of natural component compounds, phytosome modification is currently being done. A phytosome is a mixture of organic active ingredients and phospholipids. Absorption is increased when applying topically or when consuming plant preparations containing phytosomes. Phytosomes, sometimes referred to as herbosomes, are phospholipid complexes that are lipid-compatible and consist of phospholipid-linked herbal extract. It is a vesicular drug delivery system made up of lipid and phytoconstituents. The bioavailability of phytoconstituents is improved by phytosome because it promotes the absorption of phytoconstituents through the GIT. In contrast to liposomes, which have water-soluble contents surrounded by multiple phosphatidyl choline units, phytosomes have phospholipids and phytoconstituents present in a 1:1 or 1:2 ratio. The drug delivery system known as phytosomes has a defined melting point, is easily soluble in non-polar solvents, and is only moderately soluble in lipids.

Advantages:

· Better bioavailability and stability of phytoconstituents, as well as both, are desirable. Additionally, they can enhance drug absorption through the skin.

· It enhances lipid-insoluble phytocontituent oral and topical absorption.

· large-scale drug trapping

BUCCAL MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM:

These devices, which are placed in the mouth between the cheek and upper gums, are utilized to treat both local and systemic issues^15,16. Because it is highly vascular, it is easier to administer and remove dosage from. Additionally, buccal drug delivery has a high degree of patient acceptance when compared to other non-oral drug administration routes. When drugs are administered by the buccal route, the difficult gastrointestinal environment may cause significant first pass metabolism and drug degradation.The main route of medication absorption via the buccal mucosa is passive diffusion into the lipoidal membrane.Once absorbed, the medication travels via the facial vein and empties into the jugular vein, bypassing the liver and preventing first-pass metabolism.One of the likely routes for common tiny pharmaceutical compounds, as well as often large, hydrophilic, and unstable proteins, oligonucleotides, and polysaccharides, is the buccal route.

Application of buccal delivery:

· Local therapies for the oral cavity include treating oral infections, dental caries, mouth ulcers, stomatitis, gingivitis, and other conditions.

· The buccal route is particularly interesting for the systemic administration of small molecules that are sensitive to first-pass metabolism.

· Administration simplicity. You can end therapy at any moment.

· Enables the drug to be localized to the oral cavity over an extended period of time. can be administered to unconscious individuals.

· Offers a great way toadminister drugs systemically that have a high first-pass metabolism, boosting their bioavailability.

· Medication that is unstable in an acidic environment and is broken down by enzyme activities or the alkaline colon environment can be administered by this route.

· Quick systemic absorption: Unlike rectal and transdermal methods, saliva guarantees a relatively large amount of water for medication dissolution. This method provides an option for the administration of various hormones, narcotic analgesics, steroids, enzymes, cardiovascular medications, etc.

· The buccal mucosa is more porous and has more blood vessels per square centimetre than skin.

LIPID BASED SYSTEM DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM:

A lipid excipient is used to dissolve or suspend a medication in a variety of formulations known as "lipid-based drug delivery systems" (LBDDS). Lipids, also known as esters of fatty acids, are lipophilic hydrocarbon chains joined to hydrophilic groups such as glycerol, polyglycerol, or polyalcohol. The melting range, solubilization potential, and miscibility characteristics of the excipient are determined by the length of the fatty acid chain and the degree of unsaturation. The amphiphilicity, or dual polar and non-polar character, of lipids is described by the Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance (HLB), a measure of excipient dispersibility under aquatic settings¹⁷. Solubility, dispersion, digestion, and absorption are the four main mechanisms that control drug release from lipid-based formulations.

Classification of Drug Delivery Systems Based on Lipids:

· Microemulsions

· Nanoemulsions

· Self‑emulsifying Delivery Systems

· Liposomes

· Nanostructured Lipid Carriers

· Transfersomes

· Niosomes

EMULGELS:

In recent years, emulgels—a novel kind of drug delivery technology—have become more and more popular for the administration of hydrophobic medications. This formulation is thought to be a breakthrough kind of drug delivery mechanism because it mixes gel and emulsion. One example of this type of blend is Emulgel. It is a combination of a gel and an emulsion¹⁸. Emulgel is made from both water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions and gels. Hydrophobic pharmaceuticals are delivered via the water-in-oil method, while lipophilic drugs are delivered by the oil-in-water method¹⁹.The emulgel is clear, aesthetically pleasing, thixotropic, greaseless, simple to apply and remove, emollient, non-staining, and biodegradable, among its many advantages. It also has a long shelf life and a good rate of skin penetration.

Application of emulgels:

· A higher level of patient acceptance.

· Offer specialized medicine delivery.

· Simple therapy termination.

· Increased bioavailability allows even modest doses to be effective as compared to other semisolid traditional preparations.

· More stable than transdermal preparations

· A hydrophobic medication can be integrated into an emulgel by using an emulsion as the ultimate delivery vehicle for the gel.

· Simple and inexpensive preparation.

· Drug loading capacity outperforms other cutting-edge methods like niosomes and liposomes²⁰.

NANOGELS:

Nanogels are defined as nanoscale particles made of physically or chemically connected polymer networks that inflate when exposed to a suitable solvent.When polynucleotides and poly ethylene glycol (PEG) were initially being delivered via cross-linked bifunctional networks made of polyion and nonionic polymers, the term "nanogel" was first used to describe these networks.It is currently necessary to develop smart nano-systems that can be successful for therapy and the advancement of clinical trials due to the growing field of polymer sciences^21,22.Nanoscale cross-linked hydrophilic polymer particles are known as nanogels. They enable for the spontaneous loading of medicines in aqueous conditions since they are soluble in water²³. After the drug molecules are added, the nanogel collapses to form dense nanoparticles. Nanogels have a network that enables molecular integration and a huge surface area that is adjustable. Inorganic molecules like quantum dots, DNA, and RNA have all been incorporated.

Characteristics of nanogels:

1. Degradability and biocompatibility

2. Property of swelling in aqueous medium

3. Greater ability to load drugs

Application of nanogels:

· Cancer treatment entails administering medications with strong therapeutic efficacy and expected low toxicity to adjacent tissues.

· Immune disorders²⁴.

· Diabetics: An injectable nano-network that releases insulin in response to hyperglycemia has been developed.

· In cases of neurodegenerative disease, nanogel is a potential method for delivering ODN (odeoxynucleotides) to the brain.

· To stop bleeding, a nanogel consisting of dissolved protein molecules in solution has been employed. The proteins self-assemble into a biodegradable gel at the nanoscale.

Advantages:

· Very good biocompatibility.

· Recyclable

· Negative immunological reactions.

· The reticuloendothelial system is kept from invading.

· Cross-linking densities can control the release of medicines.

· Due to its extremely small size, it has good penetration capabilities^[25].

· Applied to medications and charged solutes that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.

· Strong transportable qualities.

TRANSFEROOMES:

Phospholipids and surfactants make up the lipid-based vesicles known as transferosomes. Because of their special structure, they can squirm and fit through much smaller pores than they are, which permits them to pass through biological membranes and pores in skin.

Mechanism of Action:

They function based on the concepts of flexibility and elasticity. Drug delivery efficiency is increased by transferosomes because they can go deeper into the epidermal layers than other vesicular systems or ordinary liposomes.

Advantages:

1. Enhanced Penetration: Transferosomes' flexibility allows them to reach deeper skin layers, which promotes better drug absorption.

2. Biocompatibility: The skin and other biological membranes often tolerate them well²⁶.

3. Versatility: They are appropriate for a number of therapeutic applications since they can encapsulate a broad spectrum of medications.

Applications:

1. Transferosomes are mostly employed in transdermal drug administration systems, which enhance the skin's ability to absorb medications.

2. Their versatility in pharmaceutical applications is increased by their ability to encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic medicines.

NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS:

NLCs consist of a blend of liquid and solid lipids that combine to create a nanostructured matrix. More stability and flexibility are offered by this structure in comparison to other lipid carriers such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs).

Benefits:

1. Better Drug Loading: NLCs' nanostructure makes it possible for more medicines, including hydrophobic and hydrophilic ones, to be loaded into them.

2. Improved Stability: NLCs have better physical stability than SLNs, which helps to keep the formulation intact during storage and prevent drug expulsion.

3. Controlled Release: By designing NLCs to have prolonged and controlled drug release characteristics, treatment efficacy can be increased and dosage frequency can be decreased.

4. Biocompatibility: They can be administered orally, topically, or parenterally because they are typically well-tolerated and biocompatible^[27].

Uses:

1. Transdermal Delivery: Because NLCs can pass through the skin's barrier and improve drug absorption, they are being investigated extensively for this type of transdermal drug delivery.

2. Targeted Delivery: By functionalizing or altering their surface, they can be made to specifically target particular cells or tissues, enhancing therapeutic results and reducing adverse effects.

3. Oral Delivery: NLCs are also being investigated for the oral delivery of medications to enhance stability and bioavailability in gastrointestinal disorders.

CONCLUSION:

The novel drug delivery Systems (NDDS), which is far superior to conventional dosage forms, combines cutting-edge techniques with newly developed dosage forms. A revolutionary drug delivery system has advantages such as appropriate dosing at the right time and location, economical use of expensive drugs, excipients, and production cost reduction, benefit to patients in the form of better therapy, increased comfort, and an overall higher standard of living. Pharmaceutical science makes use of cutting-edge delivery and targeting strategies for medications.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The authors would like to thank the management of RIPER.

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Received on 23.03.2024 Modified on 31.05.2024

Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2024; 14(3):257-263.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5713.2024.00042